Hydrophobic silica thin films by sol-gel processing and spin coating technique at low temperature

Hydrophobic silica thin films were prepared by sol-gel processing and self-assembly by chemical vapor reaction with Trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) at low temperature. The sols were divided into Sol A with ethanol, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and water (H2O) while Sol B were contain precursor of silica Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) hydrolyze with ethanol which was stirred for 15 minutes. HCl was added into the mixture and stirred for another 10 minutes. After deposition on 1 x 1 cm corning glass using spin coating technique (two-step timer), the films were heated at 60˚C for 10 minutes and finally annealed at 150°C for 1 hour. The films were characterized by using Rudolph/Auto EL Ellipsometer, Shimadzu Spectrophotometer, Perkin Elmer Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The results showed that the films thickness and refractive index were in the range of 105.2 to 112.4 nm and 1.35 to 1.38, respectively. The films were transmitted 70-80% of light (in visible range) with various bondings of C-H, Si-O-Si, Si-C and Si-OH. Surface roughness of the films was increased from 30.6 nm (silica thin film) to 140.5 nm (hydrophobic silica thin films) after modification have been done on the films by using TMCS (heated at 40˚C). It was found that the water contact angles increased when time of reaction increased from 109° to 124

FASILITAS DAN AKSES YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEPUTUSAN KONSUMEN DALAM MEMNENTUKAN PEMBELIAN PERUMAHAN GRIYA AGUNG PERMATA BABAT LAMONGAN

Every company in marketing certain products implement a wide variety of marketing strategies. Marketing activities essentially focused on products, pricing, and distribution policy of promotion way.The purpose of this study was to investigate about the product attributes of housing facilities and access to consumer decisions.Allegedly facilities as well as access to housing has a role to consumer decision to purchase products Griya Agung Permata Babat Lamongan.From the research that has been tested with a sample of 100 respondents, showed that the F-test analysis results obtained F count of 17.392 was the value of F table at 2.70 so variable facilities (X1) and access to housing (X2) together have a real impact on consumer decision (Y) is variable T test facility (X1) Calculate the value of 2,868 T> T Table of 1.660, t test access to housing (X2) obtained amounted to 3.561 Calculate T> T Table of 1,660.Dari value of two variables the variable access to housing has a more dominant role than the facility with the highest variable T (3.561> 2.868).Based on the research results for the company should pay more attention factor, especially access to housing facilities as its own appeal for consumer. Keywords: facilities, access to housing and consumer decisions &nbsp

Kajian Karakteristik Fisik Dan Kimia Gelatin Ekstrak Tulang Kaki Ayam (Gallus Gallus Bankiva) Dengan Variasi Lama Perendaman Dan Konsentrasi Asam

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama perendaman dan konsentrasi asam terhadap rendemen gelatintulang kaki ayam yang dihasilkan dan pengaruh kedua variasi tersebut terhadap karakteristik fisik dan kimia gelatintulang kaki ayam yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan dua faktoryaitu variasi lama perendaman asam (24 dan 48 jam) dan variasi konsentrasi HCl (4%, 5%, dan 6%). Hasil penelitian inimenunjukkan bahwa penggunaan waktu perendaman yang berbeda tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen.Sedangkan penggunaan konsentrasi HCl yang berbeda berpengaruh nyata pada rendemen gelatin yang dihasilkan. Untuklama perendaman yang berbeda berpengaruh nyata pada nilai viskositas gelatin tulang kaki ayam yang dihasilkan.Sedangkan untuk konsentrasi HCl yang berbeda berpengaruh pada nilai kekuatan gel, kadar abu, kadar air, dan pHgelatin tulang kaki ayam yang dihasilkan

PENGARUH BUKAAN KATUP AIR DAN VARIASI DIAMETER NOZZLE PADA REACTOR TRAPPING GASIFIKASI BIOMASSA CANGKANG SAWIT TERHADAP KUALITAS NYALA API

Abstrak Di era sekarang bahan bakar minyak merupakan salah satu energi yang dekat dengan masyarakat. Namun makin hari minyak bumi semakin menipis seiring banyaknya permintaan dan tak menutup kemungkinan akan habis. Untuk menanggulangi hal tersebut diperlukan bahan bakar alternatif yang lebih efisien dan dapat diperbarui sehingga dapat digunakan terus menerus. Potensi dalam mengaplikasikan biomassa di Indonesia juga cukup besar. Cangkang kelapa sawit adalah salah satu bahan baku biomassa yang jumlahnya cukup melimpah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode eksperimental deskriptif kuantitatif dan kualitatif bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh bukaan katup air dan variasi diameter nozzle terhadap kualitas nyala api yag ditinjau dari tinggi nyala api, temperatur nyala api, lama nyala api, dan warna nyala api. Obyek yang digunakan adalah gasifier tipe updraft. Variasi dilakukan dengan cara mengatur bukaan katup sebesar 70, 80, 90 pada tiap - tiap ukuran diamter nozzle sebesar 0,3 mm, 0,4 mm, 0,5 mm. Kemudian diamati bagaimana hasil kuantitatif dari tinggi nyala api, temperatur nyala api, lama nyala api, dan kualitatif warna nyala api. Hasil dari penelitian gasifikasi biomassa cangkang sawit didapatkan bahwa diameter nozzle 0,3 mm dan bukaan sudut katup 90 merupakan diameter lubang dan bukaan katup terbaik dengan temperatur api 383, lama nyala 12 menit, hasil kualitatif warna api didominasi dengan biru, sedangkan nyala api tertinggi dihasilkan dengan diameter nozzle 0,5mm dengan bukaan katup 70 yaitu sebesar 36cm. Kata kunci : nozzle, katup, cangkang sawit, biomass

Selective Alterations of Opiate Receptor Subtypes in Mono sodium Glutamate-Treated Rats

Neonatal treatment of rats with monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been demonstrated to destroy cell bodies of neurons in the arcuate nucleus including the brain beta-endorphin (B-END) system. The effects on opiate receptors of the loss of B-END is unknown. Neonatal rats were treated with MSG as previously described. After reaching maturity (7-9 months), MSG-treated rats and litter-matched untreated control rats were decapitated and brains dissected into brain regions. Opiate receptor assays were run with [ 3 H]morphine (mu receptor ligand) and [ 3 H]D-alanine 2 -D-leucine 5 (DADL) enkephalin (delta receptor ligand) for each brain region for both MSG and control rats simultaneously. Scatchard plot analyses showed a selective increase in delta receptors in the thala-mus only. No corresponding change in mu receptors in the thalamus was found. The cross-competition IC 50 data supported this conclusion, showing a loss in the potency of morphine in displacing [ 3 H]DADL enkephalin in the thalamus of MSG-treated rats. This shift in delta receptors produced an IC 50 displacement pattern in thalamus, ordinarily a mu-rich area, similar to that of striatum or cortex, delta-rich areas, again indicating an increase in delta receptors. Similar changes in delta receptors in other brain regions were not found. These results represent one of the few examples of a selective and localized shift in delta with no change in mu sites. Furthermore, the delta increase may reflect an up-regulation of the receptors in thalamus after chronic loss of the endogenous opioid B-END.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65552/1/j.1471-4159.1983.tb08126.x.pd

Synthesis of Some Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from 2-Mercapto Benzoxazole

New series of 2-mecapto benzoxazole derivatives (1-20) incorporated into fused to different nitrogen and suphur containing heterocyclic were prepared from 2-meracpto benzoxazole, when treated with hydrazine hydrate to afford 2-hydrazino benzoxazol (1). Compound (1) converted to a variety of pyridazinone andphthalazinone derivatives (2-4) by reaction with different carboxylic anhydride. Also, reaction of (1) with phenyl isothiocyanate and ethyl chloro acetate afforded 3-phenyl-1,3-thiazolidin-2,4-dione-2-(benzoxazole-2-yl-hydrazone) (6). Azomethines (7-10) were prepared through reaction of (1) with aromatic aldehyde, then (7, 8) converted to thaizolidinone derivatives (11, 12). Treatment of (1) with active methylene compounds afforded derivative (13). Reaction of (1) with CS2 and NaOH gave 1,2,4-triazole derivative (14). Treatment of (1) with p-bromophenancyl bromide afforded another 1,2,4-triazole (15). The reaction of 2-mercapto benzoxazole with chloro acetic acid gave (16) followed by refluxing (16) with ortho-amino aniline giving benzimidazol (17). Moreover, the reaction of 2-mercapto benzoxazole with ethyl chloroacetate afforded (18), and then reaction of (18) with thiosemicarbazide and 4% NaOH leads to ring closure giving 1,2,4-triazole derivative (20). All compounds were confirmed by their melting point, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectra and 1H-NMR spectra for some of them

Synthesis of Some Heterocyclic Compounds derived from 2-mercapto pyrimidine

In this work 2-hydrazino pyrimidine (1) was prepared from 2-mercapto pyrimidine with hydrazine hydrate. Treatment of (1) with active methylene compounds gave 2-(3,5-dimethyl -1 H – Pyrazole-1-yl) pyrimidine , whereas the reaction of (1) with carboxylic anhydride namely maleic anhydride or 1,2,3,6-tetra hydro phthalic anhydride yielded 1-Pyrimidine-2-yl-1,2-dihydro pyridazine-3,6-dione (3) and 2 – Pyrimidin -2-yl -2,3,4 a ,5,8 a – hexahydro phthalazine 1,4 – dione (4) . Reaction of (1) with phenyl isothiocyanate and ethyl chloro acetate afforded 3-Phenyl-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione-2( pyrimidine -2- yl hydrazone (6) Azomethine (7-10) were prepared through condensation of (1) with aromatic aldehydes or ketones, then compounds (7-9) are converted into a number of tetrazole derivatives (11-13). Treatment of (1) with acetic acid afforded the derivative (14) . The reaction of 2-mercapto pyrimidine with ethyl chloro acetate afforded (15),whereas the reaction of (15) with thiosemicarbazide and 4% sodum hydroxide leads to ring closure giving 1,2,4 triazole derivative (17). Moreover the reaction of 2-mercapto pyrimidine with chloro acetic acid gave (18) followed by refluxing (18) with o- amino aniline to give the benzimidazole derivative (19).the structure of these compounds were characterized by FR-IR, UV spectra and some of them were characterized by element analysis

Pengaruh Pembelajaran Quantum Dalam Pembelajaran IPA Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Dan Penguasaan Konsep Siswa Kelas IV Sdn 3 Pancor

This study aims to determine the effect of Quantum learning on learning motivation and mastery of science concepts of fourth grade students. This study was an experimental research conducted at SDN 3 Pancor, involving 60 students. The control group was 30 students of IV B class, the experimental group was 30 students of IVC class. The class were determined using random sampling technique. Quantum Learning is the independent variable, learning motivation and mastery of science concepts are as the dependent variables. The data were collected using questionnaire and mastery of science concepts test. The data were analyzed using Manova with the assistance of SPSS 16.0 for Windows. The result of the analyses shows that: (1) there is a significant difference in learning motivation between students learning using quantum learning and those using conventional learning (F = 26.47, p <0.05), (2) there are significant differences between the science concept mastery between students learning using quantum learning and those using conventional learning (F = 26.36, p <0.05), (3) there are significant differences in learning motivation and mastery of science concepts between students learning using quantum learning and those using conventional learning (F = 26.14, p <0,05). Quantum learning can be said to affect student motivation and the mastery of science concepts